White-footed Mouse

Introduction

The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is a small rodent found throughout eastern and central North America, including much of the Midwest and Missouri. Agile and adaptable, these mice are common in wooded and brushy areas but often move into homes, garages, and other structures during colder months. While they play important roles in ecosystems, they can also transmit Lyme disease, hantavirus, and other pathogens, making proper identification and management essential.

Taxonomy:

• Order: Rodentia

• Family: Cricetidae

• Genus: Peromyscus

• Species: P. leucopus

Physical Characteristics:

• Size: 5–8.7 inches (13–22 cm) total length, including tail

• Weight: 15–30 grams

• Fur: Reddish-brown to grayish upperparts, white underbelly and feet

• Tail: Bicolored (dark on top, light on the underside) and typically half the length of the body

Habitat and Distribution:

• Range: Found across eastern and central North America, from southern Canada to Mexico

• Habitat: Prefers deciduous and mixed forests but is also common in shrublands, grasslands, and suburban settings

• Shelter: Nests in hollow logs, tree cavities, underground burrows, or abandoned bird nests

• Activity: Nocturnal, most active at night
• Climbing: Skilled climbers, often travel through shrubs and trees
• Territoriality: Typically solitary and territorial, especially males
• Home Range: Usually less than 1 hectare, but this can vary seasonally

• • Ecological Role:

    • Important seed dispersers for forest regeneration

    • Serve as prey for owls, snakes, foxes, and other predators

• Breeding season: Spring through fall; may breed year-round in warmer climates
• Gestation: 22–28 days
• Litter size: 2–9 pups per litter
• Weaning: Around 3 weeks
• Sexual maturity: As early as 6–8 weeks
• Lifespan: Typically less than 1 year in the wild; up to 2–3 years in captivity

• Diet: Omnivorous, with a preference for:
• Seeds, nuts, and berries
• Insects, fungi, and small invertebrates
• Food Caching: Known to store food for winter months
• Adaptations:
  • Excellent sense of smell and hearing
  • Agile climbing skills allow access to elevated food sources

Trapping & Control

Trapping Tips:

Trap Choice:

• • Snap traps for lethal control

  • Sherman or Havahart-style live traps for humane capture

Bait Selection:

• Peanut butter (most effective and sticky)

• Mixture of peanut butter and oats

• Sunflower seeds, birdseed, or raisins

Trap Placement:

• • Place along walls, near droppings, or in attics, basements, and crawlspaces

  • Set perpendicular to walls with the trigger end closest to the wall

Timing:

• • Set traps in the late afternoon and check early in the morning (mice are nocturnal)

Safety:

• • Wear gloves when handling traps and captured animals to avoid exposure to disease

  • Dispose of dead rodents according to local regulations

Signs of White-footed Mouse Activity:

• Droppings: Small (⅛–¼ inch) pointed pellets, often found along baseboards, in cupboards, or near food

• Gnaw Marks: On wood, wires, plastic, and food packaging

• Nests: Made from shredded paper, fabric, or insulation in hidden, warm areas

• Noises: Scratching or scampering in walls, ceilings, or attics at night

• Tracks: Tiny footprints or tail drag marks in dusty areas

• Odor: Musty, urine-like smell in enclosed spaces where activity is high

• Grease Marks: Dark smudges along walls and entry points from oils on their fur

Baiting Tips (Using Rodenticides):

• Use tamper-resistant bait stations to protect pets and children

• Recommended baits include anticoagulants (bromadiolone, difethialone) or non-anticoagulants (cholecalciferol, bromethalin)

• Place bait stations every 10–15 feet in areas of activity

• Always follow product labels and local regulations

Entry Points:

• White-footed mice can enter through gaps as small as ¼ inch

• Common entry points include foundation cracks, utility line gaps, roof vents, and poorly sealed doors and windows